Conflict and Perspectives: The Social Construction of Chinese Ethnic Citizens against Natives in Surakarta, Indonesia after the May 1998 Riots
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29303/resiprokal.v5i1.278Keywords:
Social Construction, Chinese Ethnics, Identity, Natives Ethnics, IndonesiaAbstract
With over 1300 ethnic groups and 700 languages, Indonesia is one of the most varied countries in the world. One of those ethic is the Chinese, who have lived in Indonesia for almost 500 years due to international trade, which encourages mixed marriages. Since the 1700s, the Chinese and natives are working together to chase away the European colonial, and that relationship is developed into a deeper and more formal relation in this modern day. Although, the national revolution caused by the economic crisis occurred in 1998, the locals are targeting Chinese ethics, and many of the killing and rape victims are Chinese ethic. This research analyzes the changes in the social construction from the perspective of Chinese ethic after the 1998 riots by using the qualitative framework, with the deep interview method. The sample is 11 indormants which came from two different generations OF THE CHINESE ETHNIC GROUPS with the purpose to have a more comprehensive analysis, from different perspectives. In general, there are differences in construction between the older and younger generations. As a result, the older generation views natives as an out-group, whilst the younger generation views natives as friends and family, implying that there are no disparities in identity and group between Chinese and indigenous. Differences in access to law enforcement and economic disparities are two of the most influential factors in the social construction of Chinese ethic perspectives among natives.
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References
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Yang, T. E. (1998). The Impact of the Japanese Occupation on Ethnic Relations between Chinese and Indigenous People in Malaya and Indonesia in the 1940s. 12th Biennial Conference of the Asian Studies Association in Australia, September, 1–16.
Ananta, A., Nurvidya Arifin, E., & Sairi Hasbullah, M. (2018). Demography of Indonesia’s Ethnicity. Demography of Indonesia’s Ethnicity, December. https://doi.org/10.1355/9789814519885
Assidiqi, H. (2018). Kebijakan Asimilasi Terhadap Etnis Tionghoa di Jakarta Tahun 1966-1998. Prodi Ilmu Sejarah, 3(3), 375–388.
Atabik, A. (2016). PERCAMPURAN BUDAYA JAWA DAN CINA: Harmoni dan Toleransi Beragama Masyarakat Lasem. Sabda : Jurnal Kajian Kebudayaan, 11(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.14710/sabda.v11i1.13215
Berger, J., & Zelditch, M. (2021). Strategis, Theories, and Models. In Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 6(11), 951–952. (No. 6; Issue 100).
Berger, P., & Luckmann, T. (2016). The social construction of reality. In Social Theory Re-Wired: New Connections to Classical and Contemporary Perspectives: Second Edition (pp. 110–122). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315775357
Carey, P. (2016). Changing Javanese Perceptions of The Chinese Communities in Central Java 1755-1825. In East.
Curthoys, N. (2002). Hannah Arendt and the politics of narrative. JNT-Journal of Narrative Theory, 32(3), 348–370. https://doi.org/10.1353/jnt.2011.0070
Dahana, A. (2015). Kegiatan awal Masyarakat Tionghoa di Indonesia. In Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia (Vol. 2, Issue 1, p. 54). https://doi.org/10.17510/wjhi.v2i1.271
Dharmowijono, W. (2013). Daradjadi, Geger Pacinan 1740-1743: Persekutuan Tionghoa-Jawa melawan VOC. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2013, xliii + 292 pp + 1 loose leaf. ISBN 9789797096878. Price: IDR 63,000.00 (paperback). Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde, 169(2–3), 375–377. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-12340031
Goettlich, A. (2011). Power and powerlessness: Alfred Schutz’s theory of relevance and its possible impact on a sociological analysis of power. Civitas - Revista de Ciências Sociais, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.15448/1984-7289.2011.3.10062
Goetz, J. P., & Alien, J. (1989). Qualitative research in the human sciences. American Journal of Family Therapy, 17(3), 273–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926188908250773
Heidhues, M. S. (2017). Studying the Chinese in Indonesia: A long half-century. Sojourn, 32(3), 601–633. https://doi.org/10.1355/sj32-3c
Himawan, E. M., Pohlman, A., & Louis, W. (2022). Revisiting the May 1998 Riots in Indonesia: Civilians and Their Untold Memories. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 41(2), 240–257. https://doi.org/10.1177/18681034221084320
Hudayah, Nur and Winarni, R. (2014). Indonesian Goverment Policy Influence on the Lives of Etnic Chinese in the Political, Social Cultural, and Economic in the Jember district the Old Order up to the Reform period 1998-2012. Publika Budaya, 2(2), 19–31. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/190967-ID-pengaruh-kebijakan-pemerintah-indonesia.pdf
Indrajat, H. (2016). Demokrasi Terpimpin Sebuah Konsepsi Pemikiran Soekarno Tentang Demokrasi. SOSIOLOGI: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Ilmu Sosial Dan Budaya, 18(1), 53–62. https://jurnalsosiologi.fisip.unila.ac.id/index.php/jurnal/article/view/72
Kibria, N. (2000). Race, ethnic options, and ethnic binds: Identity negotiations of second-generation chinese and Korean Americans. Sociological Perspectives, 43(1), 77–95. https://doi.org/10.2307/1389783
Musa, M. R. P., Lesmana, A. B., Arthamevia, R. N., Pratama, P. A., & Savitri, N. (2022). Human Rights and Pancasila: A Case of Tionghoa Ethnic Discrimination in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Pancasila and Global Constitutionalism, 1(1), 119–170. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijpgc.v1i1.56879
Myers, D. G. (1999). Close relationships and quality of life. In Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. (pp. 374–391). Russell Sage Foundation.
Onghokham. (1989). Chinese Capitalism in Dutch Java. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 27(2), 156–176. https://www.google.com/%5Cnpapers2://publication/uuid/C2D13B80-EE24-405B-B4AF-4365493BE2CC
Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Leech, N. L., & Collins, K. M. T. (2012). Qualitative analysis techniques for the review of the literature. Qualitative Report, 17(28), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2012.1754
Purbasari, V. A., & Suharno, S. (2019). Interaksi Sosial Etnis Cina-Jawa Kota Surakarta. Jurnal Antropologi: Isu-Isu Sosial Budaya, 21(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.25077/jantro.v21.n1.p1-9.2019
Putra, A. P. (2017). Perubahan Persepsi Masyarakat Jawa Terhadap Masyarakat Cina Tahun 1812. Sejarah Dan Budaya : Jurnal Sejarah, Budaya, Dan Pengajarannya, 9(1), 1–7. http://journal2.um.ac.id/index.php/sejarah-dan-budaya/article/view/1548
Rosenthal, G. (2009). Economic and Social Council. The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations, 10319(December 1998). https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199560103.003.0007
Salim, C., & Wahyuningsih, S. (2009). Kristalisasi Persepsi Terhadap Pribumi Pada Perempuan Tradisional Tionghoa: Sebuah Life History. ANIMA Indonesian …, 24(2), 142–161. http://repository.ubaya.ac.id/id/eprint/33695
Santoso, R. G., & Harianti. (2021). Kebijakan Politik dan Sosial-Ekonomi Di Kerajaan Mataram Islam Pada Masa Pemerintahan Amangkurat I (1646-1677 M). Sejarah Dunia, 3(1), 1–20.
Wang, C., & Huang, J. (2020). Desiring homeland: The return of Indonesian Chinese women to Maoist China. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 29(2), 163–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0117196820931314
Yang, T. E. (1998). The Impact of the Japanese Occupation on Ethnic Relations between Chinese and Indigenous People in Malaya and Indonesia in the 1940s. 12th Biennial Conference of the Asian Studies Association in Australia, September, 1–16.
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Published
2023-06-26
How to Cite
Adi, Y. A., & Bahri, M. T. (2023). Conflict and Perspectives: The Social Construction of Chinese Ethnic Citizens against Natives in Surakarta, Indonesia after the May 1998 Riots. RESIPROKAL: Jurnal Riset Sosiologi Progresif Aktual, 5(1), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.29303/resiprokal.v5i1.278
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